1. Query Language vs. State Manager: The most fundamental difference between GraphQL and Redux lies in their core functionalities. GraphQL is a query language for APIs, enabling clients to request and retrieve data from a server with a single request. It focuses on optimizing data retrieval and reducing over-fetching and under-fetching. On the other hand, Redux is a state management library for JavaScript applications. It provides a centralized store to manage the state of an application and allows components to access and modify the state using actions and reducers.

2. Flexibility vs. Structure: Another significant difference is the level of flexibility and structure provided by GraphQL and Redux. GraphQL offers a highly flexible and dynamic approach to data fetching, where clients can request exactly the data they need and receive it in a predefined structure. It allows clients to specify the shape of the data in the request itself. In contrast, Redux provides a more structured and predictable way of managing application state. It follows a unidirectional data flow pattern, where actions trigger state changes in the store, and components subscribe to the store to receive updates.

3. Server-side vs. Client-side: GraphQL primarily operates on the server-side, serving as a middle layer between clients and data sources. It abstracts the complexities of data fetching and provides a unified interface for clients to interact with different data sources. On the other hand, Redux is primarily a client-side library, managing the state of the application within the browser or runtime environment. It focuses on efficient state updates and propagation to the UI components.

4. Optimized for Network Efficiency vs. Improved Performance: GraphQL is built to optimize network efficiency by minimizing unnecessary data transfers. With GraphQL, clients can precisely specify the required data, eliminating over-fetching and reducing the payload size. This minimizes the amount of data transferred over the network, resulting in faster response times. On the contrary, Redux focuses on improving application performance by offering efficient state updates and minimizing unnecessary re-renders. It ensures that UI components only update when the corresponding state changes, avoiding unnecessary computations.

5. Real-time Updates vs. Time Travel Debugging: GraphQL supports real-time updates through subscriptions, allowing clients to receive data in real-time as it changes on the server. This is especially useful for applications that require real-time data, such as chat applications or live dashboards. Redux, on the other hand, offers time travel debugging, which allows developers to replay application state changes and debug issues. It provides a powerful tool for understanding how the application state evolves over time and identifying bugs or regressions.

6. Schema-Driven Development vs. Explicit Data Flow: GraphQL promotes schema-driven development, where the server defines a schema that describes the available data and operations. Clients can then introspect the schema and generate code or use tools to build queries and mutations. This enables a high level of flexibility and automation. In contrast, Redux emphasizes an explicit data flow, where developers manually define actions and reducers to modify the application state. It provides fine-grained control over state updates and makes it easier to reason about the data flow in the application.

In summary, GraphQL is a query language for APIs focused on network efficiency and flexibility, while Redux is a state management library that provides structure and predictable state management in client-side applications.